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Phytoalexins are compounds that plants usually produce in response to various stresses, living (such as pathogens and insects) or non-living (such as drought and cold, etc.). Some of these compounds are toxic and can increase the plant's autoimmune defense against pathogens by activating specific me [...]

Nitrogen is found in plants as organic compounds but more or less in the form of nitrides and nitrates. Nitrogen is involved in the structure of plant cells in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, enzymes and hormones. Plants have the following reactions to nitrogen. [...]

The use of chemical fertilizers has caused irreparable damage to the environment. For this reason, the process of moving agriculture towards sustainable agriculture, which is a kind of agriculture for human interests, is more efficient in using resources and is in balance with the environment. Thus, [...]

Salinity stress affects plant growth by disrupting ion balance, reducing water potential and ion toxicity. Increasing calcium ions to a level of 10 mM in the plant growth medium reduces the destructive effects of salinity stress to some extent. Changes in calcium concentration in the two dimensions [...]